st of Presidents of the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Presidents of the United States," "American Presidents," and "U.S. Presidents" redirect here. For the C-SPAN series, see American Presidents: Life Portraits. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).
For lists of U.S. Presidents based on other criteria such as age or home state, see Template:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents.
The White House, the president's official residence and center of the administration
Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of theUnited States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected President more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 35 years of age, has to live in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.
This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.[2] The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9]
George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents – John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – lost the popular vote but assumed office. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African descent.[10]
The listing below is complete for the current government of the USA. For this country, however, there were prior governments (including that under the Articles of Confederation). Prior to George Washington as first president under the current constitution, there were twelve people in leadership over the government of the United States of America who held the title of "President". Also during the Civil War, there was the position of "President of the Confederate States of America" in an entity separate from the USA, and this position was held by one person.

List of presidents

Parties
      No party       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican
№PresidentTook officeLeft officePartyTerm
[n 1]		Previous officeVice President
1
George-Washington.jpg
George Washington
(1732–1799)
[11][12][13]		April 30, 1789
[n 2]		March 4, 1797n/a[14]1
(1789)		Commander-in-Chiefof the Continental Army
(1775–1783)		 John Adams
2
(1792)
2
US Navy 031029-N-6236G-001 A painting of President John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand (1767-1845)-crop.jpg
John Adams
(1735–1826)
[15][16][17]		March 4, 1797March 4, 1801
[n 3]		Federalist3
(1796)		Vice PresidentThomas Jefferson
3
Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg
Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[18][19][20]		March 4, 1801March 4, 1809Democratic-
Republican		4
(1800)		Vice PresidentAaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
5
(1804)		George Clinton[n 4]
March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812
4
James Madison.jpg
James Madison
(1751–1836)
[21][22][23]		March 4, 1809March 4, 1817Democratic-
Republican		6
(1808)		Secretary of State
(1801–1809)		 
Vacant[n 5]
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
7
(1812)		Elbridge Gerry[n 4]
March 4, 1813 –November 23, 1814
Vacant[n 5]
November 23, 1814 –March 4, 1817
5
James Monroe White House portrait 1819.gif
James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[24][25][26]		March 4, 1817March 4, 1825Democratic-
Republican		8
(1816)		Secretary of State
(1811–1817)		Daniel D. Tompkins
9
(1820)
6
John Quincy Adams.jpg
John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[27][28][29]		March 4, 1825March 4, 1829
[n 3]		Democratic-
Republican		10
(1824)		Secretary of State
(1817–1825)		John C. Calhoun[n 6]
March 4, 1825 –December 28, 1832
7
Andrew Jackson.jpg
Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[30][31][32]		March 4, 1829March 4, 1837Democratic11
(1828)		U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1823–1825)		 
Vacant[n 5]
December 28, 1832 –March 4, 1833
12
(1832)		Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8
MartinVanBuren.png
Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[33][34][35]		March 4, 1837March 4, 1841
[n 3]		Democratic13
(1836)		Vice PresidentRichard Mentor Johnson
9
William Henry Harrison.jpg
William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[36][37][38]		March 4, 1841April 4, 1841
[n 4]		Whig14
(1840)		Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829)		John Tyler
10
WHOportTyler.jpg
John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[39][40][41]		April 4, 1841March 4, 1845Whig
April 4, 1841 –September 13, 1841		Vice President
[n 7]		Vacant[n 5]
Independent[n 8]
September 13, 1841– March 4, 1845
11
JamesKPolk.png
James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[42][43][44]		March 4, 1845March 4, 1849Democratic15
(1844)		Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841)		George M. Dallas
12
Zachary Taylor-circa1850.jpg
Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[45][46][47]		March 4, 1849July 9, 1850
[n 4]		Whig16
(1848)		U.S. Army Major generalfrom the 1st Infantry Regiment
(1846–1849)		Millard Fillmore
13
Fillmore.jpg
Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[48][49][50]		July 9, 1850March 4, 1853
[n 9]		WhigVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
14
Franklin Pierce.jpg
Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[51][52][53]		March 4, 1853March 4, 1857Democratic17
(1852)		U.S. Army Brigadier generalfrom the 9th Infantry Regiment
(1847–1848)		William R. King[n 4]
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
Vacant[n 5]
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15
James Buchanan.jpg
James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[54][55][56]		March 4, 1857March 4, 1861Democratic18
(1856)		Minister to the United Kingdom
(1853–1856)		John C. Breckinridge
16
Abraham Lincoln November 1863.jpg
Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[57][58][59]		March 4, 1861April 15, 1865
[n 10]		Republican19
(1860)		U.S. Representativefrom Illinois
(1847–1849)		Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
Republican
National Union[n 11]		20
(1864)		Andrew Johnson
March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
17
President Andrew Johnson.jpg
Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[60][61][62]		April 15, 1865March 4, 1869Democratic
National Union[n 11]
Independent[n 12]		Vice PresidentVacant
[n 5]
18
UlyssesGrant.png
Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[63][64][65]		March 4, 1869March 4, 1877Republican21
(1868)		Commanding Generalof the U.S. Army
(1864–1869)		Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
22
(1872)		Henry Wilson[n 4]
March 4, 1873 –November 22, 1875
Vacant[n 5]
November 22, 1875 –March 4, 1877
19
President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880.jpg
Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[66][67][68]		March 4, 1877March 4, 1881Republican23
(1876)		Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872, 1876–1877)		William A. Wheeler
20
James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg
James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[69][70][71]		March 4, 1881September 19, 1881
[n 10]		Republican24
(1880)		U.S. Representative from Ohio
(1863–1881)		Chester A. Arthur
21
Chester Alan Arthur.jpg
Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[72][73][74]		September 19, 1881March 4, 1885RepublicanVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
22StephenGroverCleveland.pngGrover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[75][76]		March 4, 1885March 4, 1889
[n 3]		Democratic25
(1884)		Governor of New York
(1883–1885)		Thomas A. Hendricks[n 4]
March 4, 1885 –November 25, 1885
Vacant[n 5]
November 25, 1885 –March 4, 1889
23
Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison.jpg
Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[77][78][79]		March 4, 1889March 4, 1893Republican26
(1888)		U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1881–1887)		Levi P. Morton
24StephenGroverCleveland.pngGrover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[75][76]		March 4, 1893March 4, 1897Democratic27
(1892)		President
(1885–1889)		Adlai Stevenson
25
William McKinley 1.png
William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[80][81][82]		March 4, 1897September 14, 1901
[n 10]		Republican28
(1896)		Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896)		Garret Hobart[n 4]
March 4, 1897 –November 21, 1899
Vacant[n 5]
November 21, 1899 –March 4, 1901
29
(1900)		Theodore Roosevelt
March 4, 1901 –September 14, 1901
26
President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg
Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[83][84][85]		September 14, 1901March 4, 1909
[n 9]		RepublicanVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
September 14, 1901 –March 4, 1905
30
(1904)		Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27
William Howard Taft, Bain bw photo portrait, 1908.jpg
William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[86][87][88]		March 4, 1909March 4, 1913
[n 3]		Republican31
(1908)		Secretary of War
(1904–1908)		James S. Sherman[n 4]
March 4, 1909 –October 30, 1912
Vacant[n 5]
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28
President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg
Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[89][90][91]		March 4, 1913March 4, 1921Democratic32
(1912)		Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913)		Thomas R. Marshall
33
(1916)
29
Warren G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg
Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[92][93][94]		March 4, 1921August 2, 1923
[n 4]		Republican34
(1920)		U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921)		Calvin Coolidge
30
John Calvin Coolidge, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg
Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[95][96][97]		August 2, 1923March 4, 1929RepublicanVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
35
(1924)		Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31
HerbertHoover.jpg
Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[98][99][100]		March 4, 1929March 4, 1933
[n 3]		Republican36
(1928)		Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928)		Charles Curtis
32
Franklin D. Roosevelt - NARA - 196715.jpg
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[101][102][103]		March 4, 1933April 12, 1945
[n 4]		Democratic37
(1932)
[n 13]		Governor of New York
(1929–1932)		John Nance Garner
March 4, 1933 –January 20, 1941
38
(1936)
39
(1940)		Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 –January 20, 1945
40
(1944)		Harry S. Truman
January 20, 1945 –April 12, 1945
33
Harry S. Truman.jpg
Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[104][105][106]		April 12, 1945January 20, 1953DemocraticVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
41
(1948)		Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 –January 20, 1953
34
Dwight D. Eisenhower, White House photo portrait, February 1959.jpg
Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[107][108][109]		January 20, 1953January 20, 1961
[n 14]		Republican42
(1952)		Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952)		Richard Nixon
43
(1956)
35
Jfk2.jpg
John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[110][111][112]		January 20, 1961November 22, 1963
[n 10]		Democratic44
(1960)		U.S. Senatorfrom Massachusetts
(1953–1960)		Lyndon B. Johnson
36
Lyndon B. Johnson, photo portrait, leaning on chair, color.jpg
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[113][114]		November 22, 1963January 20, 1969DemocraticVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
November 22, 1963 –January 20, 1965
45
(1964)		Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 –January 20, 1969
37
Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982 - NARA - 530679.jpg
Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[115][116][117]		January 20, 1969August 9, 1974
[n 6]		Republican46
(1968)		Vice President
(1953–1961)		Spiro Agnew[n 6]
January 20, 1969 –October 10, 1973
47
(1972)		 
Vacant[n 5]
October 10, 1973 –December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 –August 9, 1974
38
Gerald Ford.jpg
Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[118][119][120]		August 9, 1974January 20, 1977[n 15]RepublicanVice PresidentVacant[n 5]
August 9, 1974 –December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 –January 20, 1977
39
JimmyCarterPortrait.jpg
Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)
[121][122][123]		January 20, 1977January 20, 1981
[n 3]		Democratic48
(1976)		Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975)		Walter Mondale
40
Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg
Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[124][125][126]		January 20, 1981January 20, 1989Republican49
(1980)		Governor of California
(1967–1975)		George H. W. Bush
50
(1984)
41
George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg
George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)
[127][128][129]		January 20, 1989January 20, 1993
[n 3]		Republican51
(1988)		Vice PresidentDan Quayle
42Bill Clinton.jpgBill Clinton
(born 1946)
[130][131][132]		January 20, 1993January 20, 2001Democratic52
(1992)		Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981, 1983–1992)		Al Gore
53
(1996)
43George-W-Bush.jpegGeorge W. Bush
(born 1946)
[133][134][135]		January 20, 2001January 20, 2009Republican54
(2000)		Governor of Texas
(1995–2000)		Dick Cheney
55
(2004)
44President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpgBarack Obama
(born 1961)
[136][137][138]		January 20, 2009IncumbentDemocratic56
(2008)		U.S. Senator from Illinois
(2005–2008)		Joe Biden
57
(2012)

Living former presidents

As of August 2014, there are four living former presidents:
PresidentTerm of officeDate of birth
Jimmy Carter1977–1981October 1, 1924 (age 89)
George H. W. Bush1989–1993June 12, 1924 (age 90)
Bill Clinton1993–2001August 19, 1946 (age 67)
George W. Bush2001–2009July 6, 1946 (age 68)
The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (1974–77) on December 26, 2006, aged 93.

See also

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Notes

  1. Jump up^ For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes Acting President under the Twenty-fifth Amendment is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. Jump up^ Instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, George Washington's first-term inaugural was postponed 57 days (1 month and 27 days) to April 30, 1789, because the U.S. Congress had not yet achieved a quorum.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Unseated (lost re-election).
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the Vice Presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Resigned.
  7. Jump up^ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  8. Jump up^ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b Later sought re-election to a non-consecutive term.
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Assassinated.
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  12. Jump up^ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
  13. Jump up^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1933, moving the 1937 inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, and shortening this term by 43 days.
  14. Jump up^ Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.
  15. Jump up^ Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful

References

  1. Jump up^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  2. Jump up^ "Excerpts from "Forgotten Presidents" – The Patriots Handbook, by George Grant". Harrold.org. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. Jump up^ Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
  4. Jump up^ Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  5. Jump up^ Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove – Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN 0070543380.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
  7. Jump up^ Donald (1996), p. 597.
  8. Jump up^ "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  9. Jump up^ "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  10. Jump up^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  11. Jump up^ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  12. Jump up^ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  13. Jump up^ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  14. Jump up^ "George Washington's views on political parties in America | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. 2012-03-09. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  15. Jump up^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. Jump up^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  17. Jump up^ "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  18. Jump up^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. Jump up^ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  20. Jump up^ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  21. Jump up^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  22. Jump up^ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  23. Jump up^ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  24. Jump up^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  25. Jump up^ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  26. Jump up^ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  27. Jump up^ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  28. Jump up^ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  29. Jump up^ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. Jump up^ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  31. Jump up^ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  32. Jump up^ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  33. Jump up^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  34. Jump up^ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. Jump up^ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  36. Jump up^ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  37. Jump up^ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  38. Jump up^ "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  39. Jump up^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  40. Jump up^ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  41. Jump up^ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  42. Jump up^ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  43. Jump up^ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  44. Jump up^ "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  45. Jump up^ "Biography of Zachary Taylor". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  46. Jump up^ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  47. Jump up^ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  48. Jump up^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  49. Jump up^ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  50. Jump up^ "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  51. Jump up^ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  52. Jump up^ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  53. Jump up^ "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  54. Jump up^ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  55. Jump up^ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  56. Jump up^ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  57. Jump up^ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  58. Jump up^ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  59. Jump up^ "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  60. Jump up^ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  61. Jump up^ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  62. Jump up^ "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  63. Jump up^ "Biography of Ulysses S. Grant". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  64. Jump up^ "Ulysses S. Grant – National Union Party – 18th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  65. Jump up^ "Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  66. Jump up^ "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  67. Jump up^ "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  68. Jump up^ "Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  69. Jump up^ "Biography of James Garfield". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  70. Jump up^ "James Garfield – Republican Party – 20th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  71. Jump up^ "James A. Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  72. Jump up^ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  73. Jump up^ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  74. Jump up^ "Chester A. Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  75. ^ Jump up to:a b "Grover Cleveland – Democratic Party – 22nd and 24th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  76. ^ Jump up to:a b "Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  77. Jump up^ "Biography of Benjamin Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  78. Jump up^ "William Henry Harrison – Whig Party – 23rd President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  79. Jump up^ "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  80. Jump up^ "Biography of William McKinley". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  81. Jump up^ "William McKinley – Republican Party – 25th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  82. Jump up^ "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  83. Jump up^ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  84. Jump up^ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  85. Jump up^ "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  86. Jump up^ "Biography of William Howard Taft". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  87. Jump up^ "William Howard Taft – Republican Party – 27th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  88. Jump up^ "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  89. Jump up^ "Biography of Woodrow Wilson". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  90. Jump up^ "Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – 28th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  91. Jump up^ "Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  92. Jump up^ "Biography of Warren G. Harding". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  93. Jump up^ "Warren Harding – Republican Party – 29th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  94. Jump up^ "Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  95. Jump up^ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  96. Jump up^ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  97. Jump up^ "Calvin Coolidge (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  98. Jump up^ "Biography of Herbert Hoover". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  99. Jump up^ "Herbert Hoover – Republican Party – 31st President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  100. Jump up^ "Herbert Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  101. Jump up^ "Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  102. Jump up^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democratic Party – 32nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  103. Jump up^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  104. Jump up^ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  105. Jump up^ "Harry S Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  106. Jump up^ "Harry S Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  107. Jump up^ "Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  108. Jump up^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  109. Jump up^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  110. Jump up^ "Biography of John F. Kennedy". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  111. Jump up^ "John F. Kennedy – Democratic Party – 35th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  112. Jump up^ "John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  113. Jump up^ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  114. Jump up^ "Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  115. Jump up^ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  116. Jump up^ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  117. Jump up^ "Richard M. Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  118. Jump up^ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  119. Jump up^ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  120. Jump up^ "Gerald R. Ford (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  121. Jump up^ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  122. Jump up^ "Jimmy Carter – Democratic Party – 39th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  123. Jump up^ "Jimmy Carter (October 1, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  124. Jump up^ "Biography of Ronald Reagan". Whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  125. Jump up^ "Ronald Reagan – Republican Party – 40th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  126. Jump up^ "Ronald Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  127. Jump up^ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  128. Jump up^ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  129. Jump up^ "George Bush (June 12, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  130. Jump up^ "Biography of William J. Clinton". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  131. Jump up^ "Bill Clinton – Democratic Party – 42nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  132. Jump up^ "Bill Clinton (August 19, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  133. Jump up^ "Biography of President George W. Bush". Whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  134. Jump up^ "George W. Bush – Republican Party – 43rd President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  135. Jump up^ "George W. Bush (July 6, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  136. Jump up^ "President Barack Obama". Whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  137. Jump up^ "Barack Obama – Democratic Party – 44th President – American Presidents".History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  138. Jump up^ "Barack Obama (August 4, 1961 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.

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